Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Insulin resistance in insulin-dependent cells due to the overproduction of insulin, usually stemming from chronic hyperglycemia.

Effects of T2DM include:

• Increased glucose production due to hepatic cell insulin resistance.
• Pancreatic beta cell exhaustion leading to dysfunction (and T1DM) due to overproduction of insulin.
• Increased risk of hyperglycemia due to lower uptake by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

The most reliable sign of T2DM is chronically high HbA1c.

Management of T2DM requires:

• Lifestyle changes (ex: exercise draws glucose into cells sans insulin).
• Diet changes (reduction in high-glucose foods).
• Careful monitoring of blood glucose.
• Use of Anti-diabetics or insulin.